M.Sc. Biotech Entrance

Aadhar institute provides you BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS and MATHS Syllabus for M.Sc Entrance

Unit:1
BIOLOGY: Properties of amino acids, 10,2°.3°,4° structures of protein, physical interactions, protein metabolism and urea cycle, heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis, protein related diseases. Enzymes and their kinetics, inhibitions, Allostery Chromatography, mass spectroscopy, electrophoresis. Macro and micro nutrients- related diseases. Vitamins and their chemistry Biochemical thermodynamics, Enzyme kinetics NMR. ESR
CHEMISTRY: Atomatic Structure Nuclear Chemistry
PHYSICS: motion in one, two and three dimension
MATHS: Number system, Permutations & Combinations

Unit:2
BIOLOGY: CABOHYDRATE Structure of mono, di and polysaccharides and their chemical reactions carbohydrate metabolism- glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, HMP, glycogen metabolism, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation, Regulation of glucose metabolism . Diabetes case studies. GAGs. Glycoproteins.
L1PIDS Digestion, Absorption. Secretion. Transport through blood.Lipid biosynthesis, oxidation. Specialized fatty acids, ketone bodies. Phosphofipid metabolism , Glycolipid metabolism,. Cholesterol and steroid metabolism
CHEMISTRY: Periodic Properties
PHYSICS: Newtons law of motion, Work power and Energy
MATHS: Probability- I & II

Unit:3
BIOLOGY: Membrane Alteration and dialysis Biomembranes and sub cellular organization of eukaryotic cells . transport across cell membranes, activity of neurons and synapse, major neurotransmitters Protein sorting- mitochondria and chloroplast protein synthesis and targeting, Peroxisomal protein, ER, Golgi . Post translational modification, exocytosis and endocytosis
CHEMISTRY: Chemical Bonding, Ionic Solids, Weak Interactions
PHYSICS: Uniform circulation motion, rotatory motion of rigid bodies
MATHS: Complex Numbers, Logarithms

Unit:4
BIOLOGY: Cytoskeleton- actin , myosin, intermediate filament, cell locomotion, muscles , microtubules and their dynamics, Cilia and flagella. Cell cycle and its control in eukaryotes. molecular mechanism - yeast and mammalian cell. cell to cell interaction Important viral and bacterial diseases of ptants,animal and Human.
CHEMISTRY: S-Block Element, P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Noble Gases, Chemistry of Elements of First Transition Series
PHYSICS: Gravitation, simple harmonic motion
MATHS: Binomial Theorem, Progressions

Unit:5
BIOLOGY: Classification of microbesand virus , Microscopy, N2 fixation Microbial fermentation, antibiotics, organic acid and vitamins production . Important fungal viral and bacterial diseases of ptants,animal and Human
CHEMISTRY: Chemistry of Elements of Second and Third Transition Series, Coordination Compounds, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of Metal Complexes, Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes, Electron Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes, Metal-Ligand Bonding in Transition Metal complexes
PHYSICS: Archimedes principal, elasticity surface tension, viscosity and Bernoulli's principle, kinetic theory of gases
MATHS: Quadratic equations, Linear equations, Inequations

Unit:6
BIOLOGY: Component of immune system- cells and organs, antigens / antibodies- structures and types. Ag/Ab reactions. B- cell maturation, Activation and Differentiation, Ag processing and presentation. T-cell maturation, Activation, Differentiation. immunological methods Complement system, cytokines, leukocyte migration, and inflammation, hypersensitive reactions, vaccines, Autoimmunity , AIDS, immune response to infectious diseases, transplantation, immunology
CHEMISTRY: Structure and Bonding, Mechanism of Organic Reactions, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Optical Isomerism, Geometric Isomerism, Conformational isomerism
PHYSICS: Thermometry, calorimetry, expansion of solids, liquids and gases
MATHS: Trigonometry- Plane trigonometry, Solutions of triangle, Trigonometric equations

Unit:7
BIOLOGY: Mendel's laws and their applications, genetic counseling, genetic interaction, multiple alleles, linkage analysis , crossing over , sex determination , sex - limited and sex - linked, chromatin structure and function .chomosome mutation, concept of gene, concept of gene, organelle genome, nuclear genome mutation and selection , gene transfer in bacteria.
CHEMISTRY: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, Alkenes, Cycloalkenes, Dienes and Alkynes, Arenes and Aromaticity, Aromaticity, Aromatic electrophilic substitution
PHYSICS: thermodynamics, isothermal, adiabatic changes,transmission of heat
MATHS: Inverse Trigonometry, Heights & Distances

Unit:8
BIOLOGY: Southern , northern western south western hybridization , colony hybridization , Dot blot technique, PCR and its application, real time PCR, Molecular probes, Electrophoresis-agarose and SDS-PAGE Restriction endonuclease , selection of recombinant clones radioactivity. autoradiography. sedimentation.
CHEMISTRY: Alkyl and Aryl Halides, Polyhalogen compounds
PHYSICS: Wave motion, superposition of waves (beats, interference and stationary waves),
MATHS: Coordinate Geometry, The Point (2-D), Straight line

Unit:9
BIOLOGY: Nucleic acid structure (1°,2°,3°) nucleic acid binding properties, recombination , Replication - initiation, priming, termination and regulation, DNA sequencing. PCR and its application . gene expressing and regulation, two hybrid system, Operon model . Processing of transcript, t-RNA genetic code, protein synthesis , DNA methylation multigene families . mobile genetic element, mutagenesis and DNA repair mechanism, Plasmid , recombinant DNA and molecular cloning, cloning vectors , gene libraries analysis and use of cloned DNA
CHEMISTRY: Alcohols, Monhydric Alcohols, Ethers and Epoxides, Phenols
PHYSICS: vibration of columns and strings, Doppler effect
MATHS: Circles, Conic sections

Unit:10
BIOLOGY: Origin of life . Concept of evolution . molecular evolution . Theories of organic evolution . Variability, isolation , selection , genetic drift , speciation . Population genetics , adaptation , mimicry geological distribution of animals , evolution of man , insular fauna
CHEMISTRY: Aldehydes and Ketones
PHYSICS: Reflection at plane and spherical surface, refraction at plane surface, refraction through spherical surface
MATHS: Sets, Relations and Functions, Limits and Continuity
Unit: 11
BIOLOGY: Concept and dynamics of ecosystem, its components,types of ecosystem, food chain and energy flow, productivity and biogeological cycles, biological control, community structure and organization, Environmental pollution
CHEMISTRY: Carboxylic Acid, Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
PHYSICS: Eye optical instrument aberration and defect of vision, wave nature of light, photometry
MATHS: Differentiation, Higher Order Derivative.
Unit: 12
BIOLOGY: Biological nomenclature , theories of biological classification , structural biochemical and molecular systematics , numerical taxonomy , biodiversity characterization generation maintenance and loss , magnitude and distribution of biodiversity,concept of origin , economic value , wildlife biology , conservation strategies , cryopreservation
CHEMISTRY: Organic Compounds of Nitrogen
PHYSICS: Electric field and potential
MATHS: Application to derivatives - Rate Measure, Tangents & Normals, Increasing & Decreasing, Maxima & Minima.

Unit:13
BIOLOGY: Study of Non-chordatcs(up to class level)and chordates (up to subclass level) :-Type study of Amoeba, Entamoeba, paramecium, trypanosome, plasmodium, leucosolenia, hydra, obelia, taenia solium, Ascaris, Pheritima, Periplanata Major disease caused by nonchordates to Man and Animals
CHEMISTRY: Heterocylic Compounds
PHYSICS: Capacity and condenser
MATHS: Integration

Unit:14
BIOLOGY: Study of major plant groups- fungi and lichens, algae, bryophytes. pteridophytes, gymnosperm and their economic importance
CHEMISTRY: Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Fats, Oils and Detergents Synthetic and Natural Polymers
PHYSICS: Electric conduction and heating effect of current, simple circuites
MATHS: Definite integration, Area bounded region

Unit:15
BIOLOGY: Plant development megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, fertilization development of plant embryo development of seedling, root, shoot, leaf and flower. Classification of Angiosperms and study of important families:- Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Compositeae,liliaceae, Graminae, Ranunculaceae
CHEMISTRY: Electromagnetic Spectrum : An introduction
PHYSICS: chemical effect of current and thermo-electricity
MATHS: Differential equations

Unit:16
BIOLOGY: Physiology of skin, Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, Working of heart ,Excretion
CHEMISTRY: Gaseous States, Molecular velocities, Liquid State, Solid State, Laws of crystallograph-
PHYSICS: Electromagnetism and magnetism, meters
MATHS: Matrix, Determinants

Unit: 17
BIOLOGY: CNS & PNS, Sensory organs:- Eyes, Ear, Endocrinology . Reproductive organs and their physiology .
CHEMISTRY: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis, Experimental methods of chemical kinetics, Theories of chemical kinetics
PHYSICS: Electromagnetic induction, alternating current
MATHS: 3- Dimensional Geometry, D.C's, D.R's, Plane

Unit: 18
BIOLOGY: Photosynthesis:- Light Reaction. C3, C4 cycle, CAM pathway, photorespiration, physiological and anatomical adaptations, absorption spectroscopy , fluorescence spectroscopy Phytochrome, blue light receptors
CHEMISTRY: Thermodynamics-I, First Law of Thermodynamics, Thermodchemistry, Thermodynamics-II Second Law of Thermodynamics, Concept of Entropy, Third law of thermodynamics, Gibbs and Helmholtz functions
PHYSICS: Universe, diode and triode valves and semi-conducting devices,
MATHS: Vectors

Unit:19
BIOLOGY:Plant water relation, osmosis, diffusion,ascent of sap, respiration Major plant hormones:-Auxin Gibberel1in , Cytokinin , ABA ,ethylene and others
CHEMISTRY: Chemical Equilibrium, Acid and Bases, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB), Non-aqueous Solvents, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties, Colloidal State - Liquids in solids (gels)
PHYSICS: Solids, atomic models and spectra, radio-activity, nuclear structure and nuclear energy
MATHS: Statistics- Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, Variance

Unit:20
BIOLOGY: Basic concept, cell fate and commitment, its mechanism mosaic and regulative development, maintenance of differentiation, pattern formation and compartmentalization Sex gametes formation, molecular biology of fertilization, gastrulation in invertebrates and vertebrates(Drosophila) and (chick) cell lineage. Axis specification in invertebrates and vertebrates fate of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, cell differentiation mechanism and factors affecting it. Organogenesis in invertebrates and vertebrates, programmed cell death, aging and senescence
CHEMISTRY: Electrochemistry-I, Electrochemistry-II
PHYSICS: Cathode rays and positive rays, photo-electric effect, X-rays, Matter waves
MATHS:Miscellaneous Topics Hyperbolic Functions, Mensuration, Allegation.

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NET Life Science

AADHAR's UNIT 1: BIOCHEMISTRY:
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 1. MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY
A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds.
B. Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins).
C. Stablizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc.).
D. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties).
E. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers.
F. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes.
G. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; domains; motif and folds).
I. Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures.
J. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins.

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 13. METHODS IN BIOLOGY C. Biophysical methods: Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy, structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR; analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods.

AADHAR's UNIT 2:Molecular biology and Recombinant DNA technology
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
C. Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES
A. DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms.

B. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport.

C. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, post- translational modification of proteins.

D. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing.

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 13. METHODS IN BIOLOGY
A. Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA , DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods; analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels; molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems; expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors; isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors; in vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms; protein sequencing methods, detection of post-translation modification of proteins; DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing; methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression analysis, such as micro array based techniques; isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules; RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques

AADHAR's UNIT 3:CELL BIOLOGY
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
A. Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes.
B. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility.
D. Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, and control of cell cycle.

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 4. CELL COMMUNICATION AND CELL SIGNALING
B. Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.
C. Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation.
D. Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.

AADHAR's UNIT 4:Microbiology And Immunology
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
E. Microbial Physiology: Growth, yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response.

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 4. CELL COMMUNICATION AND CELL SIGNALING
A. Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.

E. Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules, generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 9. DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS
A. Principles and methods of taxonomy:Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical and quantititative methods of taxonomy of microorganisms.
C. Outline classification of plants, animals and microorganisms:Important criteria used for classification in each taxon; classification of microorganisms; evolutionary relationships among taxa

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 13. METHODS IN BIOLOGY
B. Histochemical and immunotechniques: Antibody generation, detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, floweytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.

F. Microscopic techniques: Visulization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze-fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.

AADHAR's UNIT 5:PLANT SCIENCE
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
B. Gametogenesis, embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination.
D. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum.

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 6. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - PLANT
A. Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways.
B. Respiration and photorespiration: Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway.
C. Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.
D. Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action.
E. Sensory photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks.
F. Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.
G. Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds and their roles.
H. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses; mechanisms of resistance to biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 9. DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS
A. Principles and methods of taxonomy:Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical and quantititative methods of taxonomy of Plants
B. Levels of structural organization: Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms; levels of organization of tissues, organs and systems; comparative anatomy
C. Outline classification of plants, animals and microorganisms:Important criteria used for classification in each taxon; classification of Plants; evolutionary relationships among taxa

AADHAR's UNIT 6:Animal Sciences
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
A. Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development.
B. Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals;.
C. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis - vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans; eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development-larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination.
E. Programmed cell death, aging and senescence
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 7. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - ANIMAL
A. Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity, haemostasis.
B. Cardiovascular System: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG - its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above.
C. Respiratory system: Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
D. Nervous system: Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture.
E. Sense organs: Vision, hearing and tactile response.
F. Excretory system: Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance.
G. Thermoregulation: Comfort zone, body temperature - physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization.
H. Stress and adaptation
I. Digestive system: Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR.
J. Endocrinology and reproduction: Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones and diseases; reproductive processes, neuroendocrine regulation
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 13.
G. Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT .

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 9. DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS A. Principles and methods of taxonomy:Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical and quantititative methods of taxonomy of Animals
B. Levels of structural organization: Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms; levels of organization of tissues, organs and systems; comparative anatomy
C. Outline classification of plants, animals and microorganisms:Important criteria used for classification in each taxon; classification of Animals; evolutionary relationships among taxa
D. Natural history of Indian subcontinent: Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins and migrations of species; common Indian mammals, birds; seasonality and phenology of the subcontinent.
E. Organisms of health and agricultural importance: Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic animals and crops.

AADHAR's UNIT 7:Evolution
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 11. EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR
A. Emergence of evolutionary thoughts: Lamarck; Darwin-concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection; Mendelism; spontaneity of mutations; the evolutionary synthesis.

B. Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of basic biological molecules; abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; concept of Oparin and Haldane; experiment of Miller (1953); the first cell; evolution of prokaryotes; origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism.

C. Paleontology and evolutionary history: The evolutionary time scale; eras, periods and epoch; major events in the evolutionary time scale; origins of unicellular and multicellular organisms; major groups of plants and animals; stages in primate evolution including Homo.
D. Molecular Evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks; molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; protein and nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins; gene duplication and divergence.

E. The Mechanisms: Population genetics - populations, gene pool, gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift; adaptive radiation and modifications; isolating mechanisms; speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity; convergent evolution; sexual selection; co-evolution.

F. Brain, Behavior and Evolution: Approaches and methods in study of behavior; proximate and ultimate causation; altruism and evolution-group selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism; neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal; biological clocks; development of behavior; social communication; social dominance; use of space and territoriality; mating systems, parental investment and reproductive success; parental care; aggressive behavior; habitat selection and optimality in foraging; migration, orientation and navigation; domestication and behavioral changes.

AADHAR's UNIT 8:Ecology and Environment
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 10. ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
A. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions.
B. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.
C. Population ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation - demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.
D. Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.
E. Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.
F. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.
G. Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).
H. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of India.
I. Applied ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity-status, monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management approaches.
J. Conservation biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves).

AADHAR's UNIT 9:classical genetics
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 8. INHERITANCE BIOLOGY
A. Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment, deviation from Mendelian inheritance.
B. Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests.
C. Extensions of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.
D. Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in plants.
E. Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance.
F. Microbial genetics: Methods of genetic transfers - transformation, conjugation, transduction and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine structure analysis of genes.
G. Human genetics: Pedigree analysis, lod score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders.
H. Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping.
I. Mutation: Types, causes and detection, mutant types - lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis.
J. Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.
K. Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombination, including transposition, site-specific recombination.

AADHAR UNIT 10:Apllied Biology
CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 12. APPLIED BIOLOGY:
A. Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules.
B. Application of immunological principles (vaccines, diagnostics). tissue and cell culture methods for plants and animals.
C. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification.
D. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.
E. Bioresource and uses of biodiversity.
F. Breeding in plants and animals, including marker - assisted selection.
G. Bioremediation and phytoremediation.
H. Biosensors.

CSIR SYLLABUS UNIT 13 Methods in biology
D. Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); sampling distribution; difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; confidence interval; errors; levels of significance; regression and correlation; t-test; analysis of variance; X2 test;; basic introduction to Muetrovariate statistics, etc.
E. Radiolabeling techniques: Properties of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, their detection and measurement; incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.
H. Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat characterization-ground and remote sensing methods.
I. Computational methods: Nucleic acid and protein sequence databases; data mining methods for sequence analysis, web-based tools for sequence searches, motif analysis and presentation.

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GATE BT

Linear Algebra: Matrices and determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.

Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima, Sequences and series, Test for convergence, Fourier Series.

Differential Equations: Linear and nonlinear first order ODEs, higher order ODEs with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Laplace transforms, PDE- Laplace, heat and wave equations.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, normal and binomial distributions, Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, Integration of trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, Single and multistep methods for differential equations.

Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition, growth and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis); Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Microbial diversity and characteristic features; Viruses.

Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Ramachandran map; Weak inter-molecular interactions in biomacromolecules; Chemical and functional nature of enzymes; Kinetics of single substrate and bi-substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions; Bioenergetics; Metabolism (Glycolysis, TCA and Oxidative phosphorylation); Membrane transport and pumps; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell signaling and signal transduction; Biochemical and biophysical techniques for macromolecular analysis.

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNA replication and control; Transcription and its control; Translational processes; Regulatory controls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extrachromosomal inheritance; Chromosomal variation; Population genetics; Transposable elements, Molecular basis of genetic diseases and applications.

Process Biotechnology: Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass and primary/secondary metabolites, such as baker's yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids, exo-polysacharides, antibiotics and pigments etc.; Microbial production, purification and bioprocess application(s) of industrial enzymes; Production and purification of recombinant proteins on a large scale; Chromatographic and membrane based bioseparation methods; Immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for bioconversion processes. Aerobic and anaerobic biological processes for stabilization of solid / liquid wastes; Bioremediation.

Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Simple structured models; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Aeration and agitation; Mass transfer in bioreactors; Rheology of fermentation fluids; Scale-up concepts; Design of fermentation media; Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation in bioreactors.

Plant and Animal Biotechnology: Special features and organization of plant cells; Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant products of industrial importance; Biochemistry of major metabolic pathways and products; Autotrophic and heterotrophic growth; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Cell suspension culture development: methodology, kinetics of growth and production formation, nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root cultures and their cultivation. Techniques in raising transgencies.

Characteristics of animal cells: Metabolism, regulation and nutritional requirements for mass cultivation of animal cell cultures; Kinetics of cell growth and product formation and effect of shear force; Product and substrate transport; Micro & macro-carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Live stock improvement; Cloning in animals; Genetic engineering in animal cell culture; Animal cell preservation.

Immunology: The origin of immunology; Inherent immunity; Humoral and cell mediated immunity; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; Antigen; B and T cells and Macrophages; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Synthesis of antibody and secretion; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Complement; Antigen-antibody reaction; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hyper sensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction.

Recombinant DNA Technology: Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors: plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation; Gene cloning; Expression of cloned gene; Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; Polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; Southern and northern blotting; In-situ hybridization; RAPD; RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; Gene therapy.

Bioinformatics: Major bioinformatics resources (NCBI, EBI, ExPASy); Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); Genomics and Proteomics (Large scale genome sequencing strategies; Comparative genomics; Understanding DNA microarrays and protein arrays); Molecular modeling and simulations (basic concepts including concept of force fields).

GATE Life Science

CHEMISTRY (Compulsory)
1. Atomic structure and periodicity : Quantum chemistry ; Planck's quantum theory, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of hydrogen atom ; electronic configuration of atoms ; periodic table and periodic properties ; ionization energy, election affinity, electronegativity, atomic size.
2. Structure and bonding : Ionic and covalent bonding M.O. and V.B. approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridisation, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions. Ionic solids; ionic radii, lattice energy (Born-Haber Cycle).
3. s. p. Block Elements : Oxides, halides and hydrides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, B, Al, S, N, P and S, silicones
4. d, Block Elements general characteristics of 3d elements, coordination complexes : valence bond and crystal field theory, color, geometry and magnetic properties.
5. Chemical Equilibria : Colligative properties of solutions, ionic equilibria in solution, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their applications in chemical analysis
6. Electrochemistry : Conductance, Kohlrausch law, Half Cell potentials, emf, Nernst equation, galvanic cells, thermodynamic aspects and their applications.
7. Reaction Kinetics : Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and second order kinetics, equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp and Kx) for homogeneous reactions, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions.
8. Thermodynamics : First law, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoff's equation, heat of reaction, Hess law, heat of formation, Second law, entropy, free energy, and work function. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, free energy change and equilibrium constant, Troutons rule, Third law of thermodynamics.
9. Mechanistic Basis of Organic Reactions : Elementary treatment of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules, Addition reactions, Markonikoff rule and Kharash effect, Diels-Alder reaction, aromatic electrophilic substitution, orientation effect as exemplified by various functional groups.
10. Structure-Reactivity Correlations : Acids and bases, electronic and steric effects, optical and geometrical isomerism, tautomerism, concept of aromaticity

BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Organization of life. Importance of water. Cell structure and organelles. Structure and function of biomolecules : Proteins Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
2. Structure and function of biomolecules: Lipids, and Nucleic acids
3. Biochemical separation techniques. Spectroscopic methods :UV-visible and fluorescence.
4. Protein structure, folding and function : Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Lysozyme, ribonuclease A, Carboxypeptidase and Chymotrypsin. Enzyme kinetics and regulation, Coenzymes.
5. Metabolism and bioenergitics. Generation and utilization of ATP. Photosynthesis.
6. Major metabolic pathways and their regulation.
7. Biological membranes. Transport across membranes. Signal transduction; hormones and neuretransmitters.
8. DNA replication, transcription and transiation. Biochemical regulation of gene expression.
9. Recombinant DNA technology and applications. Genomics and Proteomics.
10. The immune system. Active and passive immunity. Complement system. Antobody structure, function and diversity. Cells of the immune system: T, B and macrophages. T and B cell activation. Major histocompatibilty complex. T cell receptor. Immunological techniques: Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis RlA and ELISA.

BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Recombinant DNA technology for the production of therapeutic proteins. Micro array technology. Heterologous protein expression systems in bacteria, yeast etc.
2. Architecture of plant genome; plant tissue culture techniques; methods of gene transfer into plant cells; manipulation of phenotypic traits in plants;
3. plant cell fermentations and production of secondary metabolites using suspension/ immobilized cell culture; methods for plant micro propagation; crop improvement and development of transgenic plants.
4. Expression of animal proteins in plants.Animal cell metabolism and regulation; cell cycle; primary cell culture;
5. nutritional requirements for animal cell culture; techniques for the mass culture of animal cell lines; production of vaccines; growth hormones and interferons using animal cell culture; cytokines- production and therapeutic uses; hybridoma technology; vectors for gene transfer and expression in animal cells. Transgenic animals and molecular pharming.
6. Microbial production of industrial enzymes; methods for immobilization of enzymes; kinetics of soluble and immobilized enzymes; application of soluble and immobilized enzymes; enzyme-based sensors.
7. Microbial growth kinetics; batch, fed batch and continuous culture of microbial cells; media for industrial fermentations; sterilization of air and media; design features and operation of stirred tank, air-lift and fluidized bed reactors; aeration and agitation in aerobic fermentations;
8. recovery and purification of fermentation products- filtration, centrifugation, cell disintegration, solvent extraction and chromatographic separations; industrial fermentations for the production of ethanol, citric acid, lysine, penicillin and other biomolecules;
9. simple calculations based on material and energy balance of fermentation processes;
10. application of microbes in the management of domestic and industrial wastes.

BOTANY
1. Anatomy: Roots, stem and leaves of land plants, meristems, vascular system, their ontogeny, structure and functions.Plant cell structure, organisation, organelles, cytoskeleton, cell wall and membranes.
2. Development: Cell cycle, cell division, senescence, hormonal regulation of growth; life cycle of an angiosperm, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, seed formation, seed storage proteins, seed dormancy and germination.
3. Concept of cellular totipotency, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation, embryo culture, in vitro fertilization.
4. Physiology and Biochemistry: Plant water relations, transport of minerals and solutes, N2 metabolism, proteins and nucleic acid, respiration, photophysiology, photosynthesis, photorespiration; biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of plant growth regulators.
5. Genetics : Principles of Mendelian inheritance, linkage, recombination and genetic mapping; extrachromosomal inheritance; eukaryotic genome organization (chrornatin structure) and regulation of gene expression, gene mutation, chromosome aberrations (numerical and structural), transposons.
6. Plant Breeding : Principles, methods - selection, hybridization, heterosis; male sterility, self and inter-specific incompatibility; haploidy; somatic cell hybridization; molecular marker-assisted selection; gene transfer methods viz. direct and vector-mediated, transgenic plants and their applications in agriculture.
7. Economic Botany : Economically important plants - cereals, pulses, plants yielding fiber, timber, sugar, beverages, oils, rubber, dyes, gums, drugs and narcotics - a general account.
8. Systematics : Systems of classification (non-phylogenesis vs. phylogenetic -- outline), plant groups, molecular systernatics.
9. Plant Pathology : Nature and classification of plant diseases, diseases of important crops caused "by fungi, bacteria and viruses, and their control measures, mechanism(s) of pathogenesis and resistance, molecular detection of pathogens; plant-microbe beneficial interactions.

10. Ecology and Plant Geography : Ecosystems - types, dynamics, degradation, ecological succession; food chains; vegetation types of the world; pollution and global warming; speciation and extinction, conservation strategies, cryopreservation. M.

MICROBIOLOGY
1. Historical perspective - Discovery of the microbial world; Controversy over spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases.Methods in microbiology - Pure culture techniques; Theory and practice of sterilization; Principles of microbial nutrition; Construction of culture media; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of chemoautotrophs, chernoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganisms.
2. Microbial evolution, systematics and taxonomy - Evolution of earth and earliest life forms; Primitive organisms and their metabolic strategies; New approaches to bacterial taxonomic classification including ribotyping; Nomenclature.
3. Microbial diversity - Bacteria, archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes, yeast, fungi, slime mold and protozoa; Viruses and their classification.
4. Microbial growth -The definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, growth curve, measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous culture.
5.Nutrition and metabolism Overview of metabolism; Microbial nutrition; Energy classes of microorganisms; Culture media; Energetics, modes of ATP generation; ATP generation by heterotrophs; Fermentation; Glycolysis; Respiration; The citric acid cycle; Electron transport systems; Alternate modes of energy generation; Pathways (anabolism) in the biosynthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and fatty acids.
6.Metabolic diversity among microorganisms - Photosynthesis in microorganisms; Role of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobilins; Calvin cycle; Chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen- iron- nitrite-oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate reduction; Methanogenesis and acetogenesis.
7.Prokaryotic cells: structure-function - Ceils walls of eubacteria (peptidoglycan) and related molecules; Outer-membrane of gram-negative bacteria; Cell wall and cell membrane synthesis; Flagella and motility; Cell inclusions like endospores, gas vesicles.
8.Microbial diseases and host parasite relationships - Normal microflora of skin; Oral cavity; Gastrointestinal tract; Entry of pathogens into the host; Infectious disease transmission; Respiratory infections caused by bacteria and viruses; Tuberculosis; Sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS; Diseases transmitted by animals (Rabies, plague), insects and ticks (rikettsias, Lyme disease, malaria); Food and water borne diseases; Public health and water quality; Pahtogenic fungi; Emerging and resurgent infectious diseases.
9. Chemotherapy/Antibiotics - Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and cephalosporins; Broad-spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics.
10. Microbial genetics - Genes, mutation and mutagenesis - UV and chemical mutagnes; Types of mutations; Ames test for mutagenesis; Methods of genetic analysis. Bacterial genetic system - Transformation; Conjugation; Transduction; Recombination; Plasmids and Transposons; Bacterial genetic map with reference to E. coli. Viruses and their genetic system - Phage and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA viruses; Retroviruses; Genetic systems of yeast and Neurospora; Extrachromosomal inheritance and mitochondrial genetics; Basic concept of genomics.

ZOOLOGY
1. Animal world : Animal diversity, distribution, systematic and classification of animals, the phylogenetic relationship.
2. Evolution : Origin of life, history of life on earth, evolutionary theories, natural selection, adaptation, speciation.
3. Genetics : Principles of inheritance, molecular basis of heredity, the genetic material, transmission of genetic material, mutations, cytoplasmic inheritance.
4. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology : Nucleic acids, proteins and other biological macromolecules. Replication, transcription and translation, regulation of gene expression, organization of genome, Kreb's cycle, glycolysis, enzyme catalysis, hormones and their action.
5.Cell Biology : Structure of cell, cellular organelles and their structure and function, cell cycle, cell division, cellular differentiation, chromosome and chromatin structure. Eukaryotic gene organisation and expression.
6. Animal Anatomy and Physiology : Comparative physiology, the respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system, osmoregulation.
7. Parasitology and Immunology : Nature of parasite, host-parasite relation, protozoan and helminthic parasites, the immune response, cellular and humoral immune response, evolution of the immune system.
8. Development Biology : Embryonic development, cellular differentiation, organogenesis, metamorphosis, genetic basis of development.
9. Ecology : The ecosystem, habitats the food chain, population dynamics, species diversity, zoogeography, biogeochemical cycles, conservation biology.
10 Animal Behaviour : Types of behaviours, courtship, mating and territoriality, instinct, learning and memory, social behaviour across the animal taxa, communication, pheromones, evolution of animal behaviour.

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